Windows 10 Mobile is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft. It is an iteration of the Windows Phone product line and a successor to Windows Phone 8.1, but is marketed as being an edition of Windows 10, Microsoft's operating system for personal computers, as part of Microsoft's plans to unify their platforms into one converged operating system.
Windows 10 Mobile aims to provide greater consistency with its counterpart for personal computers, including more extensive synchronization of content, a new universal application platform that allows one app to run on multiple Windows 10 devices such as PCs, mobile devices and Xbox, as well as the capability, on supported hardware, to connect devices to an external display and use a "PC-like" interface with mouse and keyboard input support. Microsoft has built tools for developers to easily port some iOS apps with minimal modifications. Windows Phone 8.1 smartphones are eligible for upgrade to Windows 10 Mobile, pursuant to manufacturer and carrier support. Some features may vary depending on hardware compatibility.
Windows 10 Mobile is designed for use on smartphones and small tablets under eight inches in screen size, running on ARM as well as IA-32 processor architectures. Windows 10 Mobile entered public beta for selected Lumia brand smartphones on February 12, 2015. The first Lumia smartphones powered by Windows 10 Mobile were released on November 20, 2015, while eligible Windows Phone devices are scheduled to begin receiving updates to Windows 10 Mobile in early 2016, pursuant to manufacturer and carrier support.
Development
Microsoft had already begun the process of unifying the Windows platform across device classes in 2012; Windows Phone 8 dropped the Windows CE-based architecture of its predecessor, Windows Phone 7, for a platform built upon the NT kernel that shared much of the same architecture with its PC counterpart Windows 8 including file system (NTFS), networking stack, security elements, graphics engine (DirectX), device driver framework and hardware abstraction layer. At Build 2014, Microsoft also unveiled the concept of "universal" Windows apps. With the addition of Windows Runtime support to these platforms, apps created for Windows 8.1 could now be ported to Windows Phone 8.1 and Xbox One while sharing a common codebase with their PC counterparts. User data and licenses for an app could also be shared between multiple platforms.
In July 2014, Microsoft's then-new CEO Satya Nadella explained that the company was planning to "streamline the next version of Windows from three operating systems into one single converged operating system for screens of all sizes," unifying Windows, Windows Phone, and Windows Embedded around a common architecture and a unified application ecosystem. However, Nadella stated that these internal changes would not have any effect on how the operating systems are marketed and sold.
On September 30, 2014, Microsoft unveiled Windows 10; Terry Myerson explained that Windows 10 would be Microsoft's "most comprehensive platform ever," promoting plans to provide a "unified" platform for desktop computers, laptops, tablets, smartphones, and all-in-one devices. Windows 10 on phones was publicly unveiled during the Windows 10: The Next Chapter press event on January 21, 2015; unlike previous Windows Phone versions, it would also expand the platform's focus to small, ARM-based tablets. Microsoft's previous attempt at an operating system for ARM-based tablets, Windows RT (which was based upon the PC version of Windows 8) was commercially unsuccessful.
Android and iOS application support
During the 2015 Build keynote, Microsoft announced middleware tools, later branded as Windows Bridge, to allow Android and iOS software to be ported to Windows 10 Mobile.
Windows Bridge for iOS (codenamed "Islandwood") is an open source middleware toolkit that provides a toolchain for compiling Objective-C based software to run as universal apps on Windows 10. Visual Studio 2015 can also convert Xcode projects into Visual Studio projects. An early build of Windows Bridge for iOS was released as open source software under the MIT License on August 6, 2015.
Windows Bridge for Android (codenamed "Astoria") is a runtime environment that allows Android apps written in Java or C++ to be adapted for use on Windows 10 Mobile; Astoria planned to implement the majority of Android 4.4's APIs, translating relevant calls into calls to equivalent Windows APIs. Microsoft platforms such as Bing Maps and Xbox Live were to be nearly drop-in replacements for equivalent Google Mobile Services. Android apps for Windows 10 could be published to Windows Store in APK files. The layer had some limitations: Google Mobile Services and certain core APIs would not be available, and Kevin Gallo, technical lead of Windows Developer Platform, explained that apps that have "deep integration into background tasks", such as messaging software, may not run well in this environment.
On November 16, 2015, Microsoft stated that Windows Bridge for Android was "not ready", and thus will not be included in Windows 10 Mobile on-launch. Microsoft did not outright state whether the Android layer had been cancelled completely, but also stated future plans for tools allowing desktop Windows software that implement Windows API to be ported to Windows 10 Mobile.
Naming
In accordance with Microsoft's branding strategy, this operating system will be branded primarily as an edition of Windows 10, rather than "Windows Phone 10". Microsoft had begun to phase out specific references to the Windows Phone brand in its advertising in mid-2014, but critics have still considered the operating system to be an iteration and continuation of Windows Phone due to its lineage and similar overall functionality. Microsoft referred to the OS as "Windows 10 for phones and small tablets" during its unveiling, leaked screenshots from a Technical Preview build identified the operating system as "Windows 10 Mobile" and the technical preview was officially called the "Windows 10 Technical Preview for phones". Internally, the Microsoft Edge user agent on Windows 10 Mobile still contains a reference to "Windows Phone 10".
On May 13, 2015, Microsoft officially confirmed the platform would be known as Windows 10 Mobile.
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Features
A major aspect of Windows 10 Mobile is a focus on harmonizing user experiences and functionality between different classes of devices--specifically, devices running the PC-oriented version of Windows 10. Under the Universal Windows Platform concept, Windows Runtime apps for Windows 10 on PC can be ported to other platforms in the Windows 10 family with nearly the same codebase, but with adaptations for specific device classes. Windows 10 Mobile also shares user interface elements with its PC counterpart, such as the updated Action Center and settings menu. During its initial unveiling, Microsoft presented several examples of Windows apps that would have similar functionality and user interfaces between Windows 10 on desktops and mobile devices, including updated Photos and Maps apps, and new Microsoft Office apps. Although marketed as a converged platform, and as with Windows Phone 8, using a Windows NT-based kernel, Windows 10 Mobile still cannot run Win32 desktop applications, but is compatible with software designed for Windows Phone 8.
Notifications can be synced between devices; dismissing a notification on, for example, a laptop, will also dismiss it from a phone. Certain types of notifications now allow inline replies. The start screen now has the option to display wallpapers as a background of the screen behind translucent tiles, rather than within the tiles. The messaging app adds support for internet-based Skype messaging alongside SMS, similarly to iMessage, and can synchronize these conversations with other devices. The camera app has been updated to match the "Lumia Camera" app previously exclusive to Lumia products, and a new Photos app aggregates content from local storage and OneDrive, and can perform automatic enhancements to photos. The on-screen keyboard now contains a virtual pointing stick for manipulating the text editing cursor, a dedicated voice input button, and can be shifted towards the left or right of the screen to improve one-handed usability on larger devices.
Windows 10 Mobile supports "Continuum", a feature that allows supported devices to connect to an external display, and scale its user interface and apps into a "PC-like" desktop interface with support for mouse and keyboard input over USB or Bluetooth. Devices can connect directly to external displays wirelessly using Miracast, via USB Type-C, or via docking station accessories with USB ports, as well as HDMI and DisplayPort outputs.
A new iteration of the Office Mobile suite, Office for Windows 10, is also bundled. Based upon the Android and iOS versions of Office Mobile, they introduce a new user interface with a variation of the ribbon toolbar used by the desktop version, and a new mobile version of Outlook. Outlook utilizes the same rendering engine as the Windows desktop version of Microsoft Word. Microsoft Edge replaces Internet Explorer Mobile as the default web browser.
Release
Windows 10 Mobile's first-party launch devices--the Lumia 950, Lumia 950 XL, and Lumia 550--were released in November 2015. Monthly updates to OS software will be released to address bugs and security issues. These updates will be distributed to all Windows 10 Mobile devices, and not require the intervention of a user's wireless carrier in order to authorize their distribution. Firmware upgrades will still require authorization by the user's carrier.
Windows Phone 8.1 smartphones can be upgraded to Windows 10 Mobile, pursuant to hardware compatibility, manufacturer support, and carrier support. Not all phones will receive the update or support all of its features. Microsoft originally stated that stable upgrades for Windows Phone 8.1 devices would be released in December 2015. However, Microsoft has since stated that upgrades would be delayed until "early 2016".
In November 2014, a post by a Microsoft Twitter account stated that all Nokia and Microsoft Lumia smartphones running Windows Phone 8 and 8.1 would receive updates to 10, but Microsoft has since reiterated that only devices with the "Lumia Denim" firmware revision and at least 8 GB of internal storage will receive the upgrade. In February 2015, Joe Belfiore stated that Microsoft was "working on" a version of 10 for low-end devices with 512 MB of RAM, specifically citing the Nokia Lumia 520--a model which represents 24.5% of all Windows Phone devices sold, but reaffirmed that not all of its features would be supported on these devices. HTC announced in January 2016 that the HTC Windows Phone 8X will not be upgraded.
The Windows Insider program, adopted to provide a public beta for the PC version of Windows 10, is used to provide a public beta version of Windows 10 Mobile for selected devices. A build released on April 10, 2015 was to support most second and third generation Lumia products, but the Lumia 930, Lumia Icon, and Lumia 640 XL did not receive the update due to scaling bugs, and delivery was suspended as a whole due to backup and restore issues on some models. An update to the Windows Phone Recovery Tool resolved these concerns, and delivery of Windows 10 updates was restored to the 520 with build 10052, and to the 640 with build 10080.
Build number 10136 was released on June 16, 2015, with a "migration bug" that required that existing devices on build 10080 be reverted to Windows Phone 8.1 using the Recovery Tool before the installation of 10136 could proceed. This migration bug was fixed a week later with the release of build 10149.
Devices
As with Windows Phone, Windows 10 Mobile supports ARM system-on-chips from Qualcomm's Snapdragon line, adding support for the 200, 208, 210, 615, 808, and 810. The operating system will also introduce support for IA-32 system-on-chips from Intel and AMD, including Intel's Atom x3 and Cherry Trail Atom x5 and x7, and AMD's Carrizo. Although some of these supported chips are 64-bit, Windows 10 Mobile only supports 32-bit operation.
Minimum specifications for Windows 10 Mobile devices are similar to those of Windows Phone 8, with a minimum screen resolution of 800×480 (854×480 if software buttons are in use) and 512 MB of RAM. Owing to hardware advancements and the operating system's support for tablets, screen resolutions can now reach as high as QSXGA resolution (2560×2048) and further, as opposed to the 1080p cap of Windows Phone 8. The minimum amount of RAM required is dictated by the screen's resolution; screens with a resolution higher than 960×540 require 1 GB of RAM, screens of 1440×900 and higher require 2 GB, 2048×1152 and higher require 3 GB, and 2560×2048 and higher require 4 GB.
Microsoft unveiled flagship Microsoft Lumia smartphones during a media event on October 6, 2015, including Lumia 950, Lumia 950 XL, and the low-end Lumia 550.
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